Introduction to Information Technology Old Questions and Solution 2077 - Bsc.Csit

Introduction to Information Technology Old Questions and Solution 2077 - Bsc.Csit

Define computer software. Differentiate system software with application software. Explain different types system software in detail.

Software is a collection of set of programs, which are used to execute all kinds of specific instructions. It consists of a number of machine instructions, array in a specific order to perform a particular task.

Software means computer instruction or data. Anything that can be stored electronically is software.

Firmware are software that has been written onto read-only-memory (ROM).

The difference between system software and application software are

System software	Application software
System Software are designed to manage the resources of system like memory and process management.	Application Software are designed to fulfill the requirements of user to perform a specific tasks.
It is written in low-level languages.	It is written in high-level languages.
It will run when system power is on and runs until system power is off.	It begins when user start application software and end when user stop application.
They are general purpose software.	They are specific purpose software.
They can run independently.	They can not run independently.
User never interact with System Software as it function in the background.	User interact with application software.
They are independent of application software.	They are dependent of application software.
Installed on the computer system at the time when OS is installed.	User will install as per requirements.

System software is a software designed to interact with hardware. It act as interface between user and device. It also provide the platform for running other software.

There are 5 types of system software

1. Operating System

Operating systems are the programs that run on computer. Every computer have a operating system to run other programs. OS perform basic tasks suchas recognizing input, sending output to the screen, keeping track of files and directories on disk and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drivers and printers.

Most Commonly used operating systems include Microsoft Window. DOS, Mac OS, OS/2, UNIX etc

2. Compiler and Interpreters

Compiler is a program that translates source code into object code. The compiler takes the source code and recognizes the instructions.

Interpreters analyzes and executes each line of source code in succession, without looking at the entire program.

Program execute by compilers run much faster than the same programs executed by an interpreter.

3. Device Drivers

Device drivers are the software to run the peripheral devices like mouse, keyboard, printers, modems etc. Most peripheral devices attached with CPU needs device drivers to carry out the functions.

Device driver lets the CPU know the type of hardware and the type of instruction for a particular device attached with it.

What are the benefits of using computer network? Explain different types of system software in detail. What is network topology?

Computer network is defined as a collection of interconnected autonomous systems that facilitate distributed processing of information. It leads to better performance with high speed of processing.

The main advantage of computer network are

1. Central Storage of Unit

File can be stored in center hub and access by every network in  the organization.

2. Enhance Communication

Network users in the organization can communicate with each others and can share files and data.

3. Security

Network users cannot access other user’s files unlike on stand-alone machines.

4. Problem Solving

Computer network makes possible to solved complex program by connecting the network users of the organizations. This helps to solve the program quickly and easily.

5. Cost

Although, the cost for setup is high for the computer network but there are hidden cost that we can get benefits. If there is not connected network the we have to spend more on software to connect the computers separately. It means there is not need to by software to connect each and every user.

 

System software is a software designed to interact with hardware. It act as interface between user and device. It also provide the platform for running other software.

There are 5 types of system software

1. Operating System

Operating systems are the programs that run on computer. Every computer have a operating system to run other programs. OS perform basic tasks suchas recognizing input, sending output to the screen, keeping track of files and directories on disk and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drivers and printers.

Most Commonly used operating systems include Microsoft Window. DOS, Mac OS, OS/2, UNIX etc

2. Compiler and Interpreters

Compiler is a program that translates source code into object code. The compiler takes the source code and recognizes the instructions.

Interpreters analyzes and executes each line of source code in succession, without looking at the entire program.

Program execute by compilers run much faster than the same programs executed by an interpreter.

3. Device Drivers

Device drivers are the software to run the peripheral devices like mouse, keyboard, printers, modems etc. Most peripheral devices attached with CPU needs device drivers to carry out the functions.

Device driver lets the CPU know the type of hardware and the type of instruction for a particular device attached with it.

 

Network Topology

Network topology are the way to connect various nodes, devices, and connections on your network physically or logically in relation to each other. There are six types of Network Topology

1. Star Topology
2. Bus Topology
3. Ring Topology
4. Tree Topology
5. Mesh Topology
6. Hybrid Topology

What is database? What are benefits of using storing database system architectures in detail.

What are different characteristics of computer? Differentiate digital computer with analog computer.

The characteristics of the computer system are as follows −

1.Speed

A computer works with much higher speed and accuracy compared to humans while performing mathematical calculations

2. Accuracy

Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy. Errors may occur due to data inconsistency or inaccuracy

3. Diligence

A computer can perform millions of tasks or calculations with the same consistency and accuracy. It doesn’t feel any fatigue or lack of concentration

4. Versatility

Versatility refers to the capability of a computer to perform different kinds of works with same accuracy and efficiency.

5. Reliability

A computer is reliable as it gives consistent result for similar set of data i.e., if we give same set of input any number of times, we will get the same result.

6. Automation

Computer performs all the tasks automatically i.e. it performs tasks without manual intervention.

7. Memory

A computer has built-in memory called primary memory where it stores data. Secondary storage are removable devices such as CDs, pen drives, etc., which are also used to store data.

Difference between Analog and Digital Computer:

S.No.	ANALOG COMPUTER	DIGITAL COMPUTER
01.	Analog computers works with continuous values or these types of systems process continuous data.	Digital computers works with discrete values or these types of systems process discrete data.
02.	Speed of analog computers is less than the digital computers.	Speed of digital computers is more than the analog computers.
03.	Analog computer has very low or limited memory and it can store less amount of data.	Digital computer has very big memory it can store large amount of data.
04.	Analog computer has no state.	Digital computer has On and Off these 2 steps.
05.	Analog computers are less reliable than digital computers.	Digital computers are more reliable than analog computers.
06.	Its performance is comparatively low.	Its performance is very high.
07.	Its speed of processing is not so high.	Its speed of processing is very high.
08.	Analog computers depends upon physical variations.	Digital computers does not depend upon physical variations.
09.	It provides results with less accuracy as compared to digital computers.	It provides results with higher accuracy as compared to analog computers.
10.	Analog computers are difficult to use.	Digital computers are not so difficult to use.
11.	Analog computers have complex architecture.	Digital computers do not have so complex architecture like analog computers.
12.	Readability of analog computer is low.	Readability of digital computer is high.
13.	Analog computers show the result in terms of voltage signals.	Digital computers show the result in computer display screen.
14.	Analog computers employs analog encoding.	Digital computers employs digital encoding.
15.	Power consumption is high.	Power consumption is low.
16.	They are usually special purpose devices.	It can be general purpose devices.
17.	Examples includes analog clock and thermometer etc.	Examples includes Digital laptop, digital camera, digital watches etc.

Source: geeksforgeeks and tutorialspoint

What is primary memory? Compare primary memory with secondary memory.

Primary storage (also known as main memory ) is the component of the computer that holds data , programs and instructions that are currently in use. Primary storage is located on the motherboard . As a result, data can be read from and written to primary storage extremely quickly.

The Difference between primary memory and secondary memory are

1.	Primary memory is temporary.	Secondary memory is permanent.
2.	Primary memory is directly accessible by Processor/CPU.	Secondary memory is not directly accessible by the CPU.
3.	Nature of Parts of Primary memory varies, RAM- volatile in nature. ROM- Non-volatile.	It’s always Non-volatile in nature.
4.	Primary memory devices are more expensive than secondary storage devices.	Secondary memory devices are less expensive when compared to primary memory devices.
5.	The memory devices used for primary memory are semiconductor memories.	The secondary memory devices are magnetic and optical memories.
6.	Primary memory is also known as Main memory or Internal memory.	Secondary memory is also known as External memory or Auxiliary memory.
7.	Examples: RAM, ROM, Cache memory, PROM, EPROM, Registers, etc.	Examples: Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, Magnetic Tapes, etc.

Define memory hierarchy. Explain different types of ROM in detail.

Memory hierarchy is a concept that is necessary for the CPU to be able to manipulate data.

Computer memory is classified in the below hierarchy.

1 . Internal register: Internal register is for holding the temporary results and variables. Accessing data from these registers is the fastest way of accessing memory.

2. Cache: Cache is used by the CPU for memory which is being accessed over and over again. Instead of pulling it every time from the main memory, it is put in cache for fast access. It is also a smaller memory, however, larger than internal register.

Cache is further classified to L1, L2 and L3:

a) L1 cache: It is accessed without any delay.

b) L2 cache: It takes more clock cycles to access than L1 cache.

c) L3 cache: It takes more clock cycles to access than L2 cache.

3) Main memory or RAM (Random Access Memory): It is a type of the computer memory and is a hardware component. It can be increased provided the operating system can handle it.

4) Hard disk: A hard disk is a hardware component in a computer. Data is kept permanently in this memory. Memory from hard disk is not directly accessed by the CPU, hence it is slower. As compared with RAM, hard disk is cheaper per bit.

5) Magnetic tape: Magnetic tape memory is usually used for backing up large data. When the system needs to access a tape, it is first mounted to access the data. When the data is accessed, it is then unmounted. The memory access time is slower in magnetic tape and it usually takes few minutes to access a tape.

Types of Read-Only Memory (ROM):

1. MROM (Masked read-only memory)
2. PROM (Programmable read-only memory)
3. EPROM (Erasable programmable read-only memory)
4. EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory)

1. MROM (Masked read-only memory): We know that ROM is as old as semiconductor technology. MROM was the very first ROM that consists of a grid of word lines and bit lines joined together transistor switches. This type of ROM data is physically encoded in the circuit and only be programmed during fabrication. It was not so expensive.

2. PROM (Programmable read-only memory): PROM is a form of digital memory. In this type of ROM, each bit is locked by a fuse or anti-fuse. The data stored in it are permanently stored and can not be changed or erasable. It is used in low-level programs such as firmware or microcode.

3. EPROM (Erasable programmable read-only memory): EPROM also called EROM, is a type of PROM but it can be reprogrammed. The data stored in EPROM can be erased and reprogrammed again by ultraviolet light. Reprogrammed of it is limited. Before the era of EEPROM and flash memory, EPROM was used in microcontrollers.

4. EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory): As its name refers, it can be programmed and erased electrically. The data and program of this ROM can be erased and programmed about ten thousand times. The duration of erasing and programming of the EEPROM is near about 4ms to 10ms. It is used in microcontrollers and remote keyless systems.

Explain any two input devices in detail.

Following are some of the important input devices which are used in a computer −

• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Joy Stick
• Light pen
• Track Ball
• Scanner
• Graphic Tablet
• Microphone
• Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)
• Optical Character Reader(OCR)
• Bar Code Reader
• Optical Mark Reader(OMR)

Here, we will discuss Keyboard and Mouse:

1. Keyboard

Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input data to the computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are some additional keys provided for performing additional functions. Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now keyboards with 104 keys or 108 keys are also available for Windows and Internet. The keys on the keyboard are as follows −

S.No	Keys & Description
1	Typing Keys These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys (09) which generally give the same layout as that of typewriters.
2	Numeric Keypad It is used to enter the numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it consists of a set of 17 keys that are laid out in the same configuration used by most adding machines and calculators.
3	Function Keys The twelve function keys are present on the keyboard which are arranged in a row at the top of the keyboard. Each function key has a unique meaning and is used for some specific purpose.
4	Control keys These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four directional arrow keys. Control keys also include Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc).
5	Special Purpose Keys Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen.

2. Mouse

Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device having a small palm size box with a round ball at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse and sends corresponding signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed. Generally, it has two buttons called the left and the right button and a wheel is present between the buttons. A mouse can be used to control the position of the cursor on the screen, but it cannot be used to enter text into the computer.

Convert (110101.101)₂ to decimal

To convert any binary number, First we will convert its integral and functional parts individually add them to get the equivalent decimal number as below

(110101.101)₂ = (?)₁₀

First we will find the decimal number of integral parts

(110101)₂ = (?)₁₀

= (1 × 2)⁵ + (1 × 2)⁴ + (0 × 2)³ + (1 × 2)² + (0 × 2)¹ + (1 × 2)⁰

= 32 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1

= 53

Now we will convert decimal parts

(101)₂ = (?)₁₀

= (1 × 2)-³ + (0 × 2)^-2 + (1 × 2)^-1

= 0.125 + 0 + 0.5

= 0.625

Finally,

(110101.101)₂ = 53 + 0.625 = (53.625)₁₀

Define IP address. Why do we need this address? Compare IPv4 address with IPv6 address.

IP address is a unique address to identify the device on the internet or on local network. IP stands for “Internet Protocol” . It allows a system to recognized by other systems connected via internet protocol. There are two types of IP address.

1. IPv4
2. IPv6

We need IP address because IP address are the identifier that allows information to be sent between devices on the network. They contain location information and make device accessible for communication. Internet needs IP address to differentiate the different computers, routers and websites.

IPv4 is the version 4 of internet protocol and IPv6 is the version 6 of internet protocol. IPv6 is the latest version of internet protocol. The difference between the IPv4 and IPv6 are given below

IPv4	IPv6
It has 32-bit address length	It has 126-bit address length
It supports Manual and DHCP address configuration	It supports auto and renumbering address configuration
In IPv4, end to end connection is unachievable.	In IPv6, end to end connection is achievable.
Security feature is depend upon application	Security Feature is the inbuilt in IPv6 which is called IPSEC.
Address representation is in decimal format	Address representation is in hexadecimal format
Packet flow identification is not available in IPv4	Packet flow identification is available in IPv4
checkfieldsum is not available in IPv4	checkfieldsum is available in IPv4
Encryption and Authentication facility are not provided in Ipv4	Encryption and Authentication facility are provided in Ipv4
IPv4 has header of 20-60 bytes	IPv6 has header of 40 bytes fixed

What are different elements of multimedia? Explain

The different elements of multimedia are

• Text: is an example of discrete media (existing continously in space). An interesting use of text in multimedia has been hypertext, which allows links to be made between webpages by clicking on the hypertext. Text can be a powerful form of media when the right words are used. As well as choice of words the following factors can affect the impact of the text: Whether it complements the other media, colour coordination, placement of the text for balance, and choice of font and layout for mood setting.
• Graphics/images: This involves perceiving both brightness and colour. Colour refers to how we perceive a narrow band of electromagnetic energy. An image is usally a 2D representation of the 3d life object. With bit-mapped graphics, a digital image is obtain through the digitisation process. The device capturing the samples pixels which may be quantisation at a level of 2 bits (B&W image) to 24 bits (full colour). Spatial redundency allows the pixels to be placed next to each other while the human eye perceives it as a solid image.Synthetic images are created in a different way, using vector graphics, which are described by forumlae.
• Audio
  • Sound is the physical phenomenon caused by vibration of material – the vibration cause fluctuation in the air, resulting in continuous wave forms, which are picked up by the human ear and are perceived by the brain. Human can hear sounds within the 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz bandwidth range, therefore this is the range within which we digitise audio for multimedia.
  • Speech: Has been increasingly significant in the use of speech-controlled applications – highly interactive. It is also very extremely useful in extending the multilingualism of an application.
  • Music: Used in multimedia for mood-setting ambiance, evoking emotions, to give context within a multimedia (such as historically, geographically), etc.)
  • Auditory special effects: Can be useful in enhancing the realism of a multimedia piece.
• Video: Digital video is an example of continous media – it a numberof digital images played one after another. It exploits the use of temporal redundancy to minimise file size in that samples played next to each other will look like one continous flow of media.
• There are three well know methods for transmitting video: Composite video, seperate video, and component video. The latter is the highest quality and uses the most resources.
• Animation: It is synthetically generated video. The highly sophisticated computer-generated imagery (CGI) is an example of the extent of software capabilities in generating animation. The ongoing challenge is how to create the effect of 3D – animation relies on being able to providing visual cues to to create the effect.

What is cryptography? How does cryptography provide security to our data?

Cryptography is the science of encrypting or decrypting information to prevent unauthorized access. In cryptography, you transform data and personal information to make sure only the correct recipient can decrypt the message. As an essential aspect of modern data security, using cryptography allows the secure storage and transmission of data between willing parties.

In today’s age of computers cryptography is often associated with the process where an ordinary plain text is converted to cipher text which is the text made such that intended receiver of the text can only decode it and hence this process is known as encryption. The process of conversion of cipher text to plain text this is known as decryption.

In this way, cryptography provide security to our data.

Write short notes on: a) Central Processing Unit b) IoT

Central Processing Unit

CPU is the part which perform most of the processing of the computer. It process all the instruction received by the software. It contains following features

1. It is considered as brain of computer
2. It preform all the processing of the computer
3. It stores the data and intermediate results and instructions
4. It control the operation of all parts of computer

It consists of following parts

1. Memory Unit

This unit store the data, instructions and result. This unit also provides the information to other parts when required.

2. Control Unit

This unit controls the operation of all parts of computer. It doesn’t process or store data.

3. Arithmetic Logic Unit

This unit perform the calculation such as multiplication, addition, subtraction, division and many more.

IOT

IOT stands for Internet of Things. It is system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that provided with unique identifiers and ability to transfer data over a network.

Over a past few years, IOT has become most popular technology. With the help of these, we can connect with every objects such as kitchen appliances, car, thermostat, baby monitors and many more.

The major advantage of IOT are

1. Monitor
2. Accessibility
3. Speed
4. Better Time management

The disadvantage of IOT are

1. Data Breach
2. Dependence
3. Complexity
4. Privacy Issue